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Nikolay Milyutin
Nikolay Alexeyevich Milyutin ((ロシア語:Никола́й Алексе́евич Милю́тин); June 6, 1818 – January 26, 1872) was a Russian statesman remembered as the chief architect of the great liberal reforms undertaken during Alexander II's reign, including the emancipation of the serfs and the establishment of zemstvo.〔Moon, David (2001). ''The Abolition of Serfdom in Russia, 1762–1907'', pp. 127, 178. Harlow: Longman ISBN 0-582-29486-X〕〔Harcave, Sidney (1968). ''Years of the Golden Cockerel'', p. 174. New York: Macmillan〕
==Early life==
Nikolay Milyutin was born in Moscow on June 6, 1818, the scion of an influential, but impoverished, aristocratic Russian family.〔Lincoln, W. Bruce (1977) ''Nikolai Miliutin, an enlightened Russian Bureaucrat.'' p. 40 New York: Oriental Research Partners. ISBN 0-89250-133-2〕 He was the nephew of Count Pavel Kiselyov, the most brilliant Russian reformer of Nicholas I's reactionary reign.〔Harcave, Sidney (1968). ''Years of the Golden Cockerel'', p. 174. New York: Macmillan〕〔Frank, Joseph (1979). ''Dostoevsky: The Seeds of Revolt, 1821–1849'', p. 253. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press〕〔Lincoln, W. Bruce (1977) ''Nikolai Miliutin, an enlightened Russian Bureaucrat.'' New York: Oriental Research Partners. ISBN 0-89250-133-2〕 Milyutin's brothers were Vladimir Milyutin (1826–55), a social philosopher, journalist and economist, and Dmitry Milyutin (1816–1912), who served as Minister of War under Alexander II.〔Moon, David (2001). ''The Abolition of Serfdom in Russia, 1762–1907'', pp. 127, 178. Harlow: Longman ISBN 0-582-29486-X〕〔Frank, Joseph (1979). ''Dostoevsky: The Seeds of Revolt, 1821–1849'', p. 253. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press〕
Milyutin's formative years were spent on his father's estate, Titovo, in Kaluga Oblast.〔Roosevelt, Priscilla (1995). ''Life on the Russian Country Estate,'' pp. X-XI, 179, 230, 340. New Haven: Yale University Press〕 Slaves – or serfs, as they were known in Russia – worked the land at Titovo, while Milyutin's father occupied most of his time hunting and carousing with friends.〔Roosevelt, Priscilla (1995). ''Life on the Russian Country Estate,'' pp. 179, 230, 340. New Haven: Yale University Press〕 Milyutin's mother was left to oversee most aspects of life on their estate.〔Roosevelt, Priscilla (1995). ''Life on the Russian Country Estate,'' pp. 179, 230, 340. New Haven: Yale University Press〕 According to Milyutin, there were so many serfs at Titovo that "to list all would be impossible."〔Roosevelt, Priscilla (1995). ''Life on the Russian Country Estate,'' pp. 179, 230, 340. New Haven: Yale University Press〕 While Milyutin largely omitted the more unsavory aspects regarding life at Titovo from his published memoirs, an unpublished draft, detailing his childhood, discusses the brutality with which his father treated his serfs.〔Roosevelt, Priscilla (1995). ''Life on the Russian Country Estate,'' pp. 179, 230, 340. New Haven: Yale University Press〕 On one occasion Milyutin witnessed his father "mercilessly" flog one their serfs, as he later explained: "''But thus were the mores in those times: a good landowner considered () unavoidable to keep his serfs in line.''"〔Roosevelt, Priscilla (1995). ''Life on the Russian Country Estate,'' pp. 179, 230, 340. New Haven: Yale University Press〕 Afterwards, as was then common practice, the serf was made to come and "thank the master" for having administered his "lesson."〔Roosevelt, Priscilla (1995). ''Life on the Russian Country Estate,'' pp. 179, 230, 340. New Haven: Yale University Press〕 The incident left an indelible impression on Milyutin's young mind.〔Roosevelt, Priscilla (1995). ''Life on the Russian Country Estate,'' pp. 179, 230, 340. New Haven: Yale University Press〕
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